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Phytosphingosine is a long-chain sphingoid base having important cellular functions such as signaling, cytoskeletal structure, celluar cycle, and heat stress response. It is found largely in mammals, plants, and yeast. Phytosphingosine has important cellular signaling roles and is a lipid activator of Pkh1, a protein kinase that regulates Ypk1, Ypk2, and Pkc1 which control cell wall integrity, growth, and other processes. Phytosphingosine thereby controls the activity of other kinases by activating Pkh1 but can also directly activate and phosphorylate kinases such as Sch9, Ypk1, and Ypk2.1 Phytosphingosine has seen much use in cosmetics due to its effects on the skin such as reducing inflammation by inhibiting the expression of the allergic cytokines IL-4 and TNF- and the activation of the transcription factors NF-jB and c-jun in histamine-stimulated skin tissues.2 Phytosphingosine can lead to apoptosis via two distinct pathways and has been investigated as a possible cancer therapeutic treatment.3 Phytosphingosine has also been shown to inhibit cellular growth, at least in some bacteria.4
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